Biological anthropologists generally agree that humans evolved reasoning to
facilitate hunting together as a group; however, there are many other species
that hunt in packs, and yet reasoning is unique to humans. Therefore, in order
to explain reasoning, it is not enough to consider how it was beneficial to
us; we also need to consider what enabled reasoning to emerge specifically in
humans as opposed to any other species.
I have a hypothesis which attempts to explain how this happened.
(Useful pre-reading:
About these papers)
Exaptation of Neural Circuitry for Arboreal Navigation
A hypothesis for the emergence of reasoning in early humans
When our simian (W) ancestors first stepped down from the canopy of the forest to the ground of
the savanna, they were still pretty well adapted to arboreal life, so they
still had with them all the machinery necessary for arboreal locomotion (W) by means of brachiation (W).
Most of that machinery was evident in their anatomy:
- Stereoscopic vision (W) for determining distances to branches.
- Opposable thumbs (W) for grabbing and holding on to branches.
- Strong upper limbs (W) for suspending the entire body weight from a branch.
The machinery also included a very important element in the brain:
-
Neural circuits (W) dedicated to the planning and execution of arboreal navigation.
Just as brachiation is a formidable feat of the simian anatomy, so is arboreal navigation a formidable feat of the simian brain.
Getting from branch A to branch Z in the forest canopy involves examination of multiple alternative routes, each consisting of several successive leaps from branch to branch, where at each branch multiple choices are open, but some choices lead to dead-ends. Leaps often have to be evaluated in advance (planning) not only in order to determine the feasibility of the route as a whole, but also to find the most optimal route. The process involves some techniques which we have only started to grasp in the era of information processing, through the study of pathfinding (W) algorithms:
- Back-tracking: when the next leap in the path is deemed as not feasible, an alternative route can be sought from an earlier branch in the same path instead of starting from the beginning.
- Information reuse: when it has been determined that from a certain branch X there is a path to reach branch Y, this information can be reused when an alternative way is found for arriving at branch X.
- Reverse pathfinding: to plan a path from branch A to branch Z one can start from A, consider leaps to branches near A, and so on; however, if most of those seem to lead to dead ends, one may alternatively plan a path by doing the reverse: starting from Z, considering feasible leaps to Z from branches near Z, and so on, until a branch is found which is known to be reachable.
Brachiation is an activity that simians carry out effortlessly, at incredibly high speeds, and flawlessly, because a single mistake can easily result in a broken bone, which equates to certain death in the wild. Furthermore, (and I do not know this for sure, but I think it is a pretty safe guess,) simian babies do not have to learn how to brachiate, they are pretty much born with the ability. Therefore, the simian brain must have built-in neural circuits specifically dedicated to the task of arboreal navigation and the planning thereof.
Once our simian ancestors settled on the ground of the savanna, the neural circuits for arboreal navigation fell into disuse, essentially becoming vestigial (W). At the same time, new challenges and opportunities arose: food on the savanna was scarce, so humans had to hunt. The hunt was generally big, and humans did not have claws and teeth, so they had to coordinate in order to be successful.
My hypothesis is that via mechanisms that I cannot claim to know, (since I am not a bioanthropologist, nor a neurobiologist,) the neural circuitry for arboreal navigation was repurposed in the human brain for the task of reasoning. Repurposing of traits is known by evolutionary biology to be common, not only in anatomy but also in behavior; it is called exaptation (W).
The anatomical machinery that enabled simians to brachiate is still present in us today, so it is not a stretch to imagine that the neural machinery is also present. Human babies have a lot to learn until they can function autonomously in the world, but reasoning comes rather naturally to them, and education seems to build upon a preexisting foundation which innately supports reasoning. Therefore, reasoning seems to also be largely based on dedicated neural circuitry in the human brain.
The fundamental workflows of reasoning and arboreal navigation are similar.
From a certain set of premises, a number of potential inferences can be
examined. Some potential inferences can be ignored due to being irrelevant to
the desired conclusion; they correspond to leaps in directions that are away
from the desired destination. Other potential inferences can be disregarded
due to being false; these correspond to leaps that are impossible to make.
Each of the remaining inferences represents a new set of premises, from which
further potential inferences can be examined, thus bringing us closer and
closer to the desired conclusion.
The necessity to coordinate for hunting may have acted as a catalyst for the repurposing of neural circuitry from the task of arboreal navigation to the task of reasoning. The Gorilla is another great ape that descended from the trees to the ground, but they are mostly vegetarian, so their food was free for the grabbing in the trees, and continued to be free for the grabbing on the ground. Therefore, Gorillas had no need to form packs and go hunting for food, and thus no evolutionary pressure to do any repurposing of neural circuitry.
More light might be shed on this hypothesis from research on the anatomical connectivity between the cerebellum (W), which is associated with motor control, and the frontal lobe (W), which is associated with problem solving.
Cover image: "Thinking Caveman", AI-generated at canva.com from a prompt by michael.gr
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